(1) In Stoic philosophy, the pneuma penetrates all things, holding things together.(2) Indeed, most cultures have believed in the existence of a vital force: the Chinese call it chi; the Hindus know it as prana; the ancient Greeks used to call it pneuma or psyche, while the Romans talked about three kinds of spirits.(3) Ruah, in Hebrew, and pneuma , in Greek, are often translated ‘spirit’ but both literally mean ‘breath.’
