(1) Cell size was calculated by dividing the mean total apical area by the mean number of cells for each apex.(2) Perhaps this observable distinction between the two inner walls is used by the mechanism responsible for spatial orientation of apical cell division.(3) As the root grows, the apical growing region moves continuously into new soil volume containing yet-to-be-used water.(4) Shoot length was measured from the insertion point on the stem to the tangent line between the apices of the most apical green leaves.(5) Variations can be made by changing the shape of the tongue behind the apical closure.(6) The top-most, or apical , bud of a shoot has dominance over all the lateral buds below it.(7) His contribution to the study of errors in apical consonant articulation are world famous.